neurodivergence and abuse

Neurodivergent people, especially those who mask, are at a higher risk of experiencing abuse and exploitation (Douglas and Sedgewick, 2023; Guendelman et al., 2015). Many factors contribute to this, including difficulties with communication, masking their true feelings to fit in, and systemic failures in recognizing neurodivergence, particularly in women and marginalized groups.

Why Are Neurodivergent Individuals More Vulnerable to Abuse?

Neurodivergent individuals, particularly those who mask or struggle with social cues, can be more vulnerable to manipulation, coercion, and mistreatment. Some of the key reasons include:

🛑 Difficulty Recognizing Manipulation or Red Flags

Many autistic and ADHD individuals take things at face value, making them more susceptible to coercion or deception (Douglas and Sedgewick, 2023).
They may struggle with implicit social norms, meaning they don’t pick up on early warning signs of abuse.

😶 Masking to Avoid Conflict

Many neurodivergent people suppress discomfort or distress to fit in.
This can make it harder to assert boundaries, say no, or leave harmful situations.

🔁 Desensitization to Mistreatment

A lifetime of bullying, rejection, or being misunderstood can lead people to downplay abuse or assume they are overreacting.
They may internalize blame when mistreated instead of recognizing harmful behaviour.

🗣️ Relying on Scripts or People-Pleasing Behaviours

Some neurodivergent individuals echo social norms without fully understanding them, making them easier targets for manipulation.
Abusers often exploit their desire to “get it right” by moving goalposts and making them feel like they’re always in the wrong.

🚫 Fear of Not Being Believed

Stereotypes about autism, ADHD, and other neurodivergent traits may make survivors worry that others will dismiss their experiences or assume they are misinterpreting the situation.

love bombing and manipulation ❤️ 💣

Love bombing (excessive attention, affection, and grand gestures early in a relationship) can be especially effective on neurodivergent individuals because:

Many have experienced chronic rejection, so intense affection feels validating.
Black-and-white thinking may make it harder to recognize inconsistencies in their behaviour.
If the relationship starts intensely, it becomes harder to see later devaluation and control as abuse.

mirroring 🪞

Abusers often tailor their love bombing to their victim’s special interests, communication style, or emotional needs, making it feel even more genuine.
When love bombing suddenly stops, the neurodivergent person may blame themselves, making them more likely to stay and “fix” things.

Masking and the Cycle of Abuse

Many neurodivergent survivors of abuse have been conditioned to believe that their natural instincts are “wrong.” This is particularly dangerous in abusive relationships or workplaces, where:

They may doubt their own reality when gaslighted.
They may apologise for being “too sensitive” instead of recognising harmful behaviour.
They may struggle to leave due to difficulties with change or transitions.

Because neurodivergent individuals are often taught to suppress their needs, they may feel they must mask through distress, believing their feelings aren’t valid or that they must be the problem.

Insidious abuse (covert abuse)

Insidious abuse (also known as covert abuse) is a form of psychological or emotional abuse that is subtle, gradual, and often disguised as care, logic, or concern. Unlike overt abuse (which is obvious, such as shouting or physical violence), insidious abuse operates under the radar, making it harder to recognise.

It can include:

Gaslighting – making the victim doubt their reality.
Love bombing followed by devaluation – creating emotional dependence.
Withholding affection or support as punishment – controlling behaviour without needing aggression.
Subtle put-downs disguised as jokes – undermining confidence while appearing harmless.

Because insidious abuse happens in small increments, the victim may not realise they are being manipulated until significant harm has occurred.

Why Insidious Abuse is Harder for Neurodivergent People to Recognize

Abuse isn’t always obvious. While overt abuse (like yelling, insults, or threats) is easier to identify, insidious abuse is more subtle—it disguises itself as concern, logic, or even kindness. This kind of covert abuse is especially difficult for neurodivergent people to recognize because it often plays on lifelong experiences of self-doubt, gaslighting, and communication differences.

Insidious Abuse is Hidden Behind "Reasonable" Justifications

Abusers often mask harmful actions with logical-sounding excuses, making it harder to recognize their true intent. For neurodivergent people, who often take words at face value, this type of manipulation can be especially confusing. Below, we break down common examples to show how they distort reality and why they’re abusive.

"I was just joking. You’re too sensitive."

How it sounds: You’re the one overreacting, and they didn’t mean any harm.
What’s really happening: They are invalidating your feelings and shifting blame.

How we know this is manipulation 🚩

The “joke” was at your expense or made you uncomfortable.
They only call it a joke after you react negatively.
Instead of apologising, they make you feel like the problem.
They are using social gaslighting to make you question whether you have a right to be upset.

Why it’s abusive:

This is a classic gaslighting tactic that dismisses your feelings and keeps you in a position where you doubt your own judgement.

"I didn’t lie, I just didn’t tell you."

How it sounds: They technically didn’t lie, so you can’t be mad.
What’s really happening: They deliberately withheld information to manipulate the situation.

How we know this is manipulation 🚩

If the truth wouldn’t have changed anything, they wouldn’t have needed to hide it.
They acted in a way they knew would hurt or deceive you while keeping plausible deniability.
This is an intentional loophole, they are relying on a technicality rather than honesty.

Why it’s abusive:

Lying by omission is a form of deception. Withholding the truth while knowing it would affect your decisions or feelings is still a violation of trust.

"I only did that because I love you."

How it sounds: Their harmful behaviour comes from love and care.
What’s really happening: They are using “love” as a justification for control or mistreatment.

How we know this is manipulation 🚩

Love should never feel like a tool for guilt or coercion.
This statement implies that love means accepting mistreatment.
If their action was truly loving, it wouldn’t have made you feel hurt, controlled, or unsafe.

Why it’s abusive:

Love is not an excuse for harm. This phrase is often used in coercive control, where the abuser frames their actions as caring to make it harder for the victim to leave.

"I only yelled at you because you weren’t listening."

How it sounds: They were frustrated, and you made them react.
What’s really happening: They are blaming you for their own lack of emotional control.

How we know this is manipulation 🚩

They are excusing harmful behaviour (yelling) by making it your fault.
They shift their responsibility for emotional regulation onto you.
They make it seem like you caused the situation, rather than them choosing to yell.

Why it’s abusive:

This normalizes mistreatment by making you feel responsible for their outbursts. A healthy response would be: “I was frustrated, but that doesn’t excuse yelling. I’ll work on that.”

"You’re just remembering it wrong."

How it sounds: Your memory is unreliable, and they know better.
What’s really happening: They are gaslighting you to erase reality.

How we know this is manipulation 🚩

They undermine your confidence in your own experience.
They rewrite events to suit their narrative.
They often do this only when it benefits them, never in neutral or positive situations.

Why it’s abusive:

This is a form of psychological control that makes you doubt yourself. Over time, it can lead to loss of self-trust and increased dependence on the abuser’s version of events.

recognising abuse

Recognising vulnerabilities is the first step in protecting neurodivergent individuals from harm. Education around healthy relationships, red flags, and self-advocacy is crucial. Empowering neurodivergent people to trust their instincts and unmask safely can help reduce the risk of exploitation.

Below are some examples of protective strategies. I’ve also attached some useful resources if any of the content resonates with you.

How to Recognize Insidious Abuse (Even When It’s Hard)

Check the Pattern, Not Just the Words

Are they frequently justifying harmful behaviour with reasonable-sounding excuses?
Do their explanations always put them in the right and you in the wrong?

Ask: Does Their Justification Match How This Feels?

If their actions hurt you, but their explanation makes you feel like you “shouldn’t” be upset, that’s a red flag.

Would Their Explanation Make Sense in Reverse?

If you did the same thing for the same reason, would it feel right?
If they’d be upset if you did it to them, their justification is a lie.

Get an Outside Perspective

If something feels wrong but is hard to explain, talking to someone who understands neurodivergent experiences can help validate your instincts.

How Speech and Language Therapists Can Help

Speech and language therapists (SLTs) play a crucial role in helping neurodivergent individuals develop self-advocacy skills, unpick abusive language, and understand manipulation tactics.

Teaching Self-Advocacy

SLTs can support assertive communication, helping neurodivergent people set and maintain boundaries in a way that feels natural to them.
Example: Instead of masking discomfort, they can learn to say, “I need a moment to process that,” rather than feeling pressured to respond immediately.

Unpicking Abusive Language

Many neurodivergent people struggle to recognize subtle emotional abuse because it isn’t always direct.
SLTs can break down manipulative statements and teach critical thinking strategies to assess language in conversations.

Understanding DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim & Offender)

DARVO is a common tactic used by abusers when they are confronted.

Example of DARVO:

You: “I didn’t appreciate how you spoke to me.”
Abuser: “I never said that! You always make me out to be the bad guy. Maybe you’re the one with the problem!!”
The abuser denies the event, attacks your reaction, and reverses the roles so you feel like the problem.
SLTs can teach ways to recognize and disengage from DARVO tactics, such as not engaging in defensive arguments and instead saying, “This conversation isn’t productive. I’m stepping away.”

Understanding Covert Abuse: A Step-by-Step Breakdown

This slideshow explores how covert abuse operates through subtle gaslighting, manipulation, and emotional control. Each slide breaks down a specific tactic used by abusers to shift blame, create self-doubt, and avoid accountability, helping victims recognize these behaviors and reclaim their reality.

Protective strategies

Many neurodivergent people benefit from direct explanations rather than implied social rules. This includes learning to recognize manipulation, coercion, and gaslighting, where someone distorts reality to control or confuse you.

Understanding Your Reality:

An abuser’s intent is to control you, and in doing so, they often create a false reality, one where their twisted version of events replaces the truth.

For example, in verbally abusive relationships, the abuser may say:
🗣️ “I never yelled at you. You’re just being dramatic.”
🔹 Reality: They did yell, but they want you to question your own memory so they avoid accountability.

Understanding Your Reality Example 2:

Or in a work setting, a colleague might say:
📣 “You’re always so scatty. Everyone else can stay organized.”
🌎 Reality: They are attempting to frame your struggles as a personal failing, rather than acknowledging neurodivergent challenges or different ways of thinking.

🌱 How to Respond to These Statements:
✔ Instead of defending yourself, reject their false reality with simple, neutral responses:

“That’s nonsense.”
“So you say.”
“That’s not true.”

These responses refuse to engage with their distorted version of events while avoiding a defensive reaction that an abuser can use against you.

🚨 Important Note:

If you are in an abusive relationship, these tactics can escalate the situation rather than help. In cases of domestic abuse or coercive control, seeking outside support (e.g., domestic violence services, a trusted friend, or therapist) is the safest course of action. Abusers escalate when their control is threatened, so prioritising safety is key.

Final Thoughts

Neurodivergent individuals often face unique challenges in identifying and responding to manipulation and coercion. By teaching explicit examples, promoting self-advocacy, and breaking down harmful communication patterns, SLTs can provide essential support in helping individuals reclaim their reality and set boundaries safely.

Why I Use "He" for Abusers and "She" for Victims

While anyone can be a victim or perpetrator of abuse, research consistently shows that domestic abuse and coercive control are overwhelmingly committed by men against women.

In the UK:

92% of domestic abuse perpetrators in heterosexual relationships are male.
(Source: Office for National Statistics, 2023.)
Despite 93% of domestic abuse defendants being male and 84% of victims being female, women are three times more likely to be arrested in abuse incidents. This highlights systemic bias in the justice system, where victims are more likely to be criminalised than protected (Refuge, 2022).

the harsh reality

These figures are likely much higher in reality due to:

Coercive control only recently being recognized as a crime (in 2015), meaning emotional abuse is still misunderstood or not reported (Crown Prosecution Service, 2023)
The justice system often failing victims, as some men weaponize the courts to continue punishing women post-breakup, as outlined by Lundy Bancroft (2002).
Bancroft is located in the United States, however, this is widespread. Don Hennessy (2020) also says the irish justice system fails many women and describes how they seduce the justice system into the continued degradation of women. Don Hennessy is the Director of the National Domestic Violence Intervention Agency.

Why This is a Gendered Issue

Men still overwhelmingly hold positions of power in society, from politics to the legal system, which enables and sustains gendered abuse dynamics.

Misogyny and entitlement to women’s emotional labor are key factors in why abusive men:

Expect forgiveness and second chances while refusing accountability.
Use tactics like DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim & Offender) to avoid consequences.
Expect their partners to carry the emotional burden of the relationship.

This entitlement is reflected in post-relationship statistics:

Divorced men have worse physical and mental health outcomes because they relied on their wives for emotional labor (Wahring, Simpson and Paul, 2024)
Single women report being the happiest demographic, whereas married women have worse mental health outcomes (Hoan and MacDonald, 2024.
Abuse against women often worsens and continues post-separation, further demonstrating male entitlement and control. Many abusers escalate coercive tactics, including legal harassment, financial abuse, and threats, to maintain dominance even after the relationship has ended (Spearman et al., 2023).

Why Abusers rarely Change

The only evidence-based approach to “rehabilitating” abusive men is the Duluth Model, which focuses on power and control as the root cause of abuse. However, success rates are extremely low because:

Some men are resistant to acknowledging their entitlement.
Some men use a variety of tactics to remain unaccountable such as blame-shifting, minimising and even outright denying behaviours (Chan, 2011).
Sexism and misogyny remain deeply ingrained in society.
Many abusers attend courses or therapy as a performance rather than a genuine effort to change (Bancroft, 2002).

While I acknowledge that men can be victims and women can be perpetrators, my work focuses on the systemic nature of male violence against women and how it is upheld by social structures, cultural attitudes, and the justice system itself.

White Supremacy and Domestic Abuse: How They Are Connected

Discussions about domestic abuse often focus solely on gender, but gendered violence does not exist in isolation, it is deeply intertwined with white supremacy, patriarchy, and systems of power. The push to erase the gendered nature of domestic abuse and frame it as “equal” between men and women is not just misinformation, it is part of a broader effort to uphold white male dominance.

White Supremacy and Patriarchy Work Together

Domestic abuse is about power and control, not just between individuals, but within wider society.
White supremacy and patriarchy reinforce each other by dictating who “deserves” to hold power and who is expected to submit.
Historically, white men have used domestic abuse as a tool of control, particularly over women and marginalized communities. From colonial violence to marital rape laws that once shielded men from prosecution, white supremacy has always protected male entitlement to power.

Why Are Men’s Rights Activists (MRAs) Always White Men?

Nearly every high-profile MRA, anti-feminist politician, and advocate against gendered domestic abuse policies is a white man.
This is not a coincidence—men’s rights activism overlaps significantly with far-right, white nationalist, and anti-LGBTQ+ movements.
Many MRAs argue that “feminism has gone too far” in the same breath that they push racist, anti-immigrant, and transphobic rhetoric.
They often claim that white men are being “oppressed” by feminism, racial justice, and LGBTQ+ rights—all movements that challenge the historical power white men have held.

Domestic Abuse and White Nationalism: The Overlap

There is a direct connection between white supremacist ideology and domestic abuse. Studies have found that:

Men who hold racist, sexist, and authoritarian beliefs are significantly more likely to commit domestic violence (Manoussaki and Hayne, 2019).
Far-right extremist groups actively recruit men through grievances about feminism and “male oppression,” linking gendered violence to white nationalist ideology.
Mass shooters with histories of domestic violence overwhelmingly subscribe to white supremacist and misogynistic beliefs.

Domestic abuse is not just about men controlling women, it is about white men maintaining power over everyone who threatens their dominance.

Why MRAs Fight Against Gendered Abuse Laws

Some white men expect to be in control, over women, over families, over society.
When feminist policies hold them accountable, MRAs push back by weaponizing “men’s rights” as a cover for regaining lost power.
Their goal is not to help male victims, it is to erase protections for women and restore male entitlement.
The same men arguing that domestic abuse isn’t gendered are the same men arguing that white men are the “real victims” of racial and gender equality.

The End Goal: Protecting White Male Power

The push to erase gendered violence protections is part of a broader white supremacist backlash against progress. These men do not want equity, they want to maintain power.

They attack feminism because it threatens male dominance.
They attack racial justice movements because it threatens white dominance.
They attack gendered domestic abuse laws because they do not want to be held accountable for the violence they inflict.

This is why men’s rights activism is not just about gender, it is about white supremacy, power, and control.

When we fight for protections against domestic abuse, we are also fighting against white supremacy.

This is not just about gender, it is about dismantling every system that enables oppression.

finally...

In typical neurodivergent fashion, I’ve gone on a deep dive away from the main topic. 😅 So, let’s bring it back with a classic favourite to finish: the common nonsense men spew in comment sections!

If you’ve ever found yourself rolling your eyes at “But what about men’s suicide rates?”, “Women abuse men too!”, or the timeless classic “False allegations ruin lives!”, you’re in the right place.

Read below for the final part of this page, where we debunk the most common MRA talking points and online nonsense men use to derail conversations about gendered violence.

Debunking MRA Nonsense: The Greatest Hits from Men in Comment Sections

Misogynists love flooding comment sections with the same recycled, bad-faith arguments whenever women discuss abuse, male violence, or gender inequality. These points aren’t made in good faith, they exist to derail, silence, and shift blame.

Let’s break them down one by one.

“Men Have Nowhere to Go When They’re Abused”

False 🚫

Shelters and services for men exist, but men are far less likely to use them.

UK services for male victims:

Mankind Initiative
Respect Men’s Advice Line
Survivors UK (for s*xual abuse)

Men have also gained access to women’s services

Why do men make this argument?

They don’t actually advocate for better male services.
They only mention it when women talk about abuse.
They ignore how much effort women had to put in just to get safe spaces.

Reality check:

Male victims deserve support, but weaponizing their experiences to dismiss female victims is disingenuous and harmful.

“It’s Shameful for Men to Admit They’re Abused”

So is it easy for women?! 🚫

Women are blamed, disbelieved, and retraumatized when they report abuse.
Many women are financially dependent on their abuser and trapped.
Leaving an abuser often means losing housing, income, or even custody of children.

Why do men make this argument?

To imply that women have it “easy” when reporting abuse.
To minimize the systemic barriers that women face.

Reality check:

The problem is patriarchy, not feminism. Men should be angry at the system that shames them—not at women for talking about their own experiences.

“Single Mothers Raise Unhappy Children”

Cherry-picked, misleading stats. 🚫

Studies show that it’s not the absence of a man that harms children, it’s poverty, instability, and trauma.
A stable, loving single-mother household is better for a child than growing up in abuse.
The real issue is that many men abandon their children; but somehow, it’s always the mother’s fault?

Why do men make this argument?

To blame women for men leaving their families.
To shame women for leaving abusive relationships.
To demand that women “stay in their place” in nuclear families.

Reality check:

The happiest children are raised in safe, stable homes, regardless of the number of parents.

“Boys Raised by Single Mothers Become Abusive”

Correlation ≠ causation. 🚫

Boys who grow up seeing their father abuse their mother are at higher risk of becoming abusers, not boys raised solely by a mother.
Many cases of teenage boys abusing their mothers happen after witnessing their father’s violence.
If men actually cared about boys, they’d address male role models who teach them entitlement and aggression.

Reality check:

Men’s violence is the problem, not single mothers.

“More Men Are Victims of Homicide Than Women”

True! But, by who? 🚫

Men are more likely to be victims of homicide, but their killers are overwhelmingly other men.
If men actually cared about male victims, they’d be challenging toxic masculinity, not weaponizing crime stats to silence women.
The common denominator is still male violence.

Reality check:

If men are the majority of victims AND perpetrators, who is the real problem?

“Women Are Just as Violent as Men” (They Love Bringing Up Lesbian Domestic Violence)

This argument ignores context. 🚫

Abuse is about power and control, not gender alone.
Patriarchy influences all relationships, even same-sex ones, meaning that power imbalances still exist.
Men’s violence is still overwhelmingly more deadly.

Why do men make this argument?

To derail conversations about male violence.
To avoid acknowledging their own gender’s dominance in violent crime stats.

Reality check:

If men actually cared about abuse, they wouldn’t just bring it up to silence conversations about male perpetrators.

"Women should just choose better men!"

Why they say it: This argument shifts the blame entirely onto women while absolving violent men of any responsibility. Instead of addressing why men abuse, it tells women it’s their fault for “picking the wrong guy.”

The reality:

Abusers don’t wear signs saying “I’m abusive.” Many are charming, manipulative, and hide their true nature until they have control.
The problem isn’t women choosing “bad men”—it’s that society enables men to be violent and then shields them from consequences.
Even “good men” benefit from a system where abuse is excused, normalized, and dismissed. Instead of telling women to “choose better,” we should be asking why men feel entitled to abuse in the first place.

Patricia Evans’ “Reality I vs. Reality II”

Reality I: Objective reality, the world as it actually is.
Reality II: The distorted reality an abuser creates to maintain power.

Abusers deny, twist, and reframe reality so they can stay in control.
When women say, “Men are more violent,” misogynists reframe it as “Women are just as bad.”
This isn’t about facts, it’s about protecting their own power and avoiding accountability.

Reality check:

Male violence is a fact. Their attempts to distort it are straight out of the abuser’s playbook.

⚠ Warning to women: If you see men like this in comment sections, believe them the first time, they are telling you exactly who they are. They are showing you that they have no empathy, no accountability, and no concern for harm done to women. 🚩 These are the men who minimize abuse, excuse male violence, and gaslight survivors. Pay attention.

Final Thought: These Arguments Only Ever Appear When We Talk About Male Violence

They don’t mention male victims unless it’s to dismiss female ones.
They don’t bring up parenting stats unless it’s to attack women.
They don’t advocate for better services, they just demand access to women’s.

Ask them these questions:

“If you care so much about male victims, why don’t you start supporting men’s shelters?”

“Why are you only talking about this in response to women discussing their abuse?”

“Why do you ignore male-on-male violence if you think men are oppressed?”

They don’t want real answers they just want to derail the conversation!

Need Support or Resources?

If any part of this section feels familiar, or you’re beginning to recognise patterns of control or emotional harm in your own life, you’re not alone. You can find practical tools and information on my Resources page including links to specialist support services and strategies for rebuilding confidence after coercive control.

For further guidance, please visit my Services or Contact pages. Although I primarily provide Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)-informed language and communication support for individuals with communication needs, my services are open to anyone seeking help to understand and recover from manipulative or controlling communication. My work focuses on helping people reconnect with their values, find clarity, and rebuild confidence in their own voice.

References:

Books:

Hennessy, D. (2020). How He Wins. Liberties Press.
Stark, E. (2007). Coercive Control: How Men Entrap Women in Personal Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

FACTS and STATS:

Karsna, K. and Bromley, P. (2024). Child sexual abuse in 2022/23: Trends in official data. [online]
Crown Prosecution Service (2023). Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship | The Crown Prosecution Service. [online]
Home Office (2025). Government pledges to protect more women from violence. [online] GOV.UK.
Ministry of Justice (2024). HMPPS Offender Equalities Annual Report 2022-23. [online] GOV.UK
Office for National Statistics (2018). Sexual offending: Ministry of Justice appendix tables – Office for National Statistics. [online]
Office for National Statistics (2024). The nature of violent crime in England and Wales. [online] Ons.gov.uk
Public Health England (2015). Disability and domestic abuse Risk, impacts and response. [online]
Refuge (2022). Facts and Statistics. [online] Refuge.

GENDER:

Chan, K.L. (2011). Gender differences in self-reports of intimate partner violence: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), pp.167–175.
Manoussaki, K. and Hayne, A. (2019). Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, Religiosity and Ambivalent Sexism as Predictors of Rape Myth Acceptance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENDER & WOMEN’S STUDIES, 7(1).
NPCC (2024). Call to action as VAWG epidemic deepens. [online] National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC). Available at: https://news.npcc.police.uk/releases/call-to-action-as-violence-against-women-and-girls-epidemic-deepens-1.
Saxton, M.D., Jaffe, P.G. and Olszowy, L. (2020). The Police Role in Domestic Homicide Prevention: Lessons From a Domestic Violence Death Review Committee. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(3-4)
Spearman, K.J., Vaughan-Eden, V., Hardesty, J.L. and Campbell, J.C. (2023). Post-separation abuse: A literature review connecting tactics to harm. Journal of family trauma, child custody & child development, pp.1–20.
Wahring, I.V., Simpson, J.A. and Paul (2024). Romantic Relationships Matter More to Men than to Women. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, pp.1–64.

NEURODIVERSITY:

Attoe, D.E. and Climie, E.A. (2023). Miss. Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of ADHD in Adult Women. Journal of Attention Disorders, [online] 27(7), pp.645–657.
Guendelman, M.D., Ahmad, S., Meza, J.I., Owens, E.B. and Hinshaw, S.P. (2015). Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Predicts Intimate Partner Victimization in Young Women. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1).
Shi, Y., Hunter Guevara, L.R., Dykhoff, H.J., Sangaralingham, L.R., Phelan, S., Zaccariello, M.J. and Warner, D.O. (2021). Racial Disparities in Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a US National Birth Cohort. JAMA Network Open, 4(3).

WHITE SUPREMACY:

Hoan, E. and MacDonald, G. (2024). ‘Sisters Are Doin’ It for Themselves’: Gender Differences in Singles’ Well-Being. Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Jolliffe, D. and Farrington, D.P. (2019). The criminal careers of those imprisoned for hate crime in the UK. European Journal of Criminology, 17(6), p.147737081983959.
Roberts, C., Innes, M., Williams, M., Tregidga, J. and Gadd, D. (2013). Ymchwil gymdeithasol Social research Understanding who commits hate crime and why they do it Sdf. [online]
Summers, H. (2021). Police urged to better protect black women who face domestic abuse. [online] the Guardian
Tolmie, J., Smith, R. and Wilson, D. (2023). Understanding Intimate Partner Violence: Why Coercive Control Requires a Social and Systemic Entrapment Framework. Violence Against Women, 30(1), pp.54–74.
The Guardian (2024). Sexual misconduct allegations against Donald Trump – a timeline. [online] the Guardian.